The Emergence of Legal Activism in Iran: Reflections on the Legal Foundations of the Constitutional System (1906–1909 CE / 1285–1288 SH)

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of History, Faculty of Literature, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22034/skh.2023.15228.1379

Abstract

The Constitutional Revolution in Iran provided the grounds for transforming ideas into practical realities. Prior to the revolution, the limitation of power based on Western thinkers’ ideas was present only among a small number of intellectuals and the urban middle class; But the reality is that the appeal of this idea was different in the minds of subjects with different social positions. In this issue, the urban middle class such as intellectuals, clergymen, and merchants played the main role, which was formulated in two discourses: constitutionalist and legitimate. The former regarded a Western-based political system as the foundation for a new legal structure, whereas the latter sought to preserve law based on Sharia and implement it within the new political system. Consequently, much of the debate during the revolution revolved around the definition and status of the new legal order and its imposition on the political structure. The research method of this study is analytical–interpretive.

Keywords

References

  1. آدمیت، فریدون (2535)، ایدئولوژی نهضت مشروطیت ایران، تهران، پیام.
  2. -----------(1376)، تاریخ فکر از سومر تا یونان و روم، چ2، تهران: روشنگران و مطالعات زنان.
  3. عین­السلطنه (سالور)، قهرمان میرزا (1376)، روزنامه خاطرات عین السلطنه، به کوشش مسعود سالور و ایرج افشار، تهران: اساطیر.
  4. کسروی، احمد (1349)، تاریخ مشروطه ایران، تهران: امیرکبیر.
  5. لاک، جان (1387)، رساله­ای درباره حکومت، ترجمه حمید عضدانلو، تهران: نی.
  6. مستوفی، عبدالله (1343)، شرح زندگانی من، تهران: زوار.
  7. مشروح مذاکرات مجلس شورای ملی، دوره اول، لوح مشروح مذاکرات مجلس شورای ملی، نگارش سوم.
  8. میرزاصالح، غلامحسین (1384)، مذاکرات مجلس اول 1326-1324، تهران: مازیار.
  9. هابز، توماس (1380)، لویاتان، ترجمه حسین بشیریه، مقدمه از سی بی مکفرسون، تهران: نی.
  10. روزنامه و نشریات
  11. روزنامه ابلاغ، بی تا.
  12. روزنامه اتحاد (تهران)، 1325 ق.
  13. روزنامه انصاف، 1325 ق.
  14. روزنامه تمدن، 1325 ق.
  15. روزنامه تنبیه، 1325 ق.
  16. روزنامه حبل‌المتین (تهران)، 1325 ق.
  17. روزنامه حبل‌المتین (کلکته)، 1324 ق.
  18. روزنامه خورشید، 1325 ق.
  19. روزنامه روح‌القدس، 1325 ق.
  20. روزنامه شورای ایران، 1326 ق.
  21. روزنامه صبح‌صادق، 1325 ق.
  22. روزنامه مساوات، 1326 ق.
  23. روزنامه معارف، 1325 ق.
  24. روزنامه ندای‌وطن، 1325 ق.
  25. روزنامه وطن، 1325 ق.

    26.  

    منابع لاتین

    1. Amir Arjomand, Said (1992), Constitutional Revolution iii. “The Constitution”, VI, Fasc. 2.
    2. Bard, Kathryn A (2005), Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, New York, Routledge.
    3. Becker, Carl Lotus (1992), the Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas, Harcourt, Brace.
    4. Bix, Brian (2016), "John Austin", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/austin-john/>.
    5. Carmichael, D.J.C (1990), “Hobbes on Natural Right in Society: The "Leviathan" Account”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 23, No. 1.
    6. Edwin, R (1991), Virtues and Rights, the Moral philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, Colorado, Westview press, Inc, Boulder.
    7. Ervin, Sam j (1970), “Separation of Powers: Judicial Independence”, Law and Contemporary Problems.
    8. Fennell, Christopher. "Plymouth Colony Legal Structure". Histarch. Uiuc. Edu.
    9. Gauthier, David (1988), Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes, London, Oxford, Clarendon: Clarendon press.
    10. Gauthier, David (1969), the Logic of Leviathan, London, oxford, Clarendon press.
    11. Glenn, H. Patrick (2000), Legal Traditions of the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    12. Hart, H. L. A. (1958), "Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morality." Harvard Law Review, Vol. 71, No. 4.
    13. Hinton, Timothy (2012), “Distributive Justice in the State of Nature: An Egalitarian View”, South African Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 31, No. 3.
    14. Hirschmann, Nancy J (2009), Gender, Class, and Freedom in Modern Political Theory, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
    15. Kelly, J.M (1992), a Short History of Western Legal Theory, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    16. Leslie Green (2009), "Legal Positivism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (Ed.).
    17. Mallory, J.P and Douglas Q. Adams (1997), "Law", in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis.
    18. Merriam, Charles Edward (1906), “Hobbes's Doctrine of the State of Nature”, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 3, Third Annual Meeting.
    19. Olmstead, Clifton E (1960), History of Religion in the United States, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
    20. Sharma, Urmila and S.k Sharma (2006), Western Political Thought, Atlantic Publishers, Washington.
    21. Thornton, Helen Clare (2001), State of Nature or Eden? Thomas Hobbes and his Contemporaries on the Natural Condition of Human Beings, Kingston, Ph.D. Thesis at University of Hull.
    22. Tierney, Brian (2002), “Natural Law and Natural Rights Old Problems and Recent Approaches”, the review of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3.
    23. Tuckness, Alex (2016), "Locke's Political Philosophy", the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
    24. Ward, Lee and Bruce king (2014), Modern Democracy and the Theological-Political Problem in Spinoza, Rousseau, and Jefferson, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
    25. Wu, John (1921), “Readings from Ancient Chinese Codes and Other Sources of Chinese Law and Legal Ideas”, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 19, No. 5.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics